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calcium: an element that is
essential to life. Besides being
the major constituent of bone it
is a messenger ion that
regulates cell membrane
permeability and is essential
for muscle contraction
endocrine:
This term applies to organs
whose function is to secrete
active biochemicals into the
blood circulation that effects
other distant organs. Usually
there is a feed-back system that
turns the secreting off when the
desired effect has occurred.
erythrocytosis:
an increase in the number of red
cells in the blood, esp. in
response to a stimulus such as
anemia
extramedullary hematopoiesis:
red blood cell production
outside the vertebrae. Red blood
cells are derived from the stem
cells in the bone marrow
throughout the body. When
individuals become severely
anemic, there is not enough
space in the ctive bone marrow
to produce hemoglobin, and the
body begins to make blood
outside the bone marrow: in the
spleen, liver, and sometimes
outside the vertebrae, which can
compress the spinal cord,
leading to paralysis (Consider)
erythorpoiesis:production of red
blood cells
Erythropenia (eh-REETH-ro-PEA-nee-uh)
The condition of having
abnormally low numbers of red
blood cells
*
hemochromatosis: A disorder of
iron metabolism characterized by
excessive absorption of ingested
iron, saturation of iron-binding
protein, and deposition of
hemosiderin in tissue,
particularly in the liver,
pancreas, and skin; cirrhosis of
the liver, diabetes (bronze
diabetes), bronze pigmentation
of the skin, and eventual heart
failure may occur.
hemolysis:
alteration, dissoultion, or
destruction of red blood cells
in such a manner that hemoglobin
is liberated. The spleen
normally filters the blood and
removes abnormal red blood
cells. If most cells are normal,
the amount of hemoglobin
released is easily metabolized
by the liver and recycled by the
body. If there are large numbers
of abnormal red cells, the liver
metabolizes the hemoglobin to
bilirubin in quantities too
great to be quickly recycled and
jaundice results.
Hemosiderin is a molecule the
body produces to sequester
excess iron in a form that is
inert. Hemosiderin can be
metabolized to release the iron
in response to anemia.
HLA: human lymphocyte antigens;
system designation for the gene
products of at least four linked
loci and a number of subloci on
the sixth human chromosome which
have a strong influence on human
allotransplantation,
transfusions, and certain
disease associations (see
antigen)
leukocytes:
all the white cells including:
neutrophils,
lymphocytes,
eosinophils, basophils, and
monocytes.
jaundice:
a yellowish staining of the
skin, the whites of the eyes and
deeper tissues caused by an
increased presence of bilirubin
(bile pigments) in the plasma of
the blood. This can be a result
of excessive breakdown of red
blood cells or liver disease
such as hepatitis (also called
icterus).
leukocytosis:
any condition in which the
number of leukocytes or white
cells in the circulating blood
is abnormally high; a white cell
count of 10,000 or more per
cubic millimeter. This is a
non-specific finding. Generally
when there is an increase in red
cell production, the white cell
count is elevated. If there are
many immature red blood cells
present in the circulation, the
white cell count as done by a
machine is elevated. A
'corrected white count' is then
done manually with a microscope.
marrow: the part of the bone
where the red and white cells
are produced. In normal adults
there is a fat in the bone
marrow; in persons with anemia,
the bone marrow is completely
filled primarily with red blood
cell precursors.
MCV: mean corpuscular volume;
volume of the red blood cell. It
is reduced is some anemias such
as iron deficiency anemia and
increased in other anemias such
as vitamin B12 deficiency.
pulmonary edema: abnormal
accumulation of fluid in the
lungs
red cell:
also
erythrocyte, a red cell is
the component of blood that
contains hemoglobin, which
transports oxygen from the lungs
to the body's tissues; normal
life span is about 120 days
renal: relating to, involving,
affecting, or located in the
region of the kidneys
reticulocyte:
a young red cell (erythrocyte)
released by the bone marrow that
contains no nucleus but has
residual RNA; normally composes
about 1% of circulating blood
cells. The reticulocyte count is
increased in hemolytic anemia.
spleen:
an organ in the upper left
quadrant of the abdomen that
is important in immune
function and in the
maintenance of normal red
blood cell anatomy. The
spleen is the largest single
immune organ in the body,
playing a particularly
important role in clearing
some bacteria from the blood
during infection. The spleen
contains immune cells that
activate the immune system
(T cells) and produce
antibodies (B cells). Red
blood cells that are old or
not normal in any other way
are disintegrated by the
spleen, releasing
hemoglobin. This hemoglobin
is converted to bilirubin by
the liver and leads to
jaundice. If the spleen is
required to remove more than
the usual red blood cells,
it can become enlarged and
increase its function,
leading to increased
hemolysis and
jaundice.
Anemias Caused By Excessive
Hemolysis
Hematuria:
Hematuria refers to
the excretion of
abnormal quantities
of Red Blood Cells
(RBCs) into the
urine. ... Causes of
Hematuria. ...
http://www.duj.com/hematuria.html
Hematuria is
a clinical term
referring to the
presence of blood in
the urine. ...
Incidence Hematuria
occurs in up to 10%
of the general
population. Causes.
...
http://www.urologychannel.com/hematuria/index.shtml |
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http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/hematuria/index.htm
At the end of their
normal life span
(about 120 days),
RBCs are removed by
components of the
mononuclear
phagocyte system,
principally in the
spleen, where Hb
catabolism takes
place. The essential
feature of hemolysis
is a shortened RBC
life span;
hemolytic anemia
results when bone
marrow production
can no longer
compensate for the
shortened RBC
survival.
To find the cause of
hematuria,
or to rule out
certain causes, the
doctor may order a
series of tests,
including
urinalysis, blood
tests, intravenous
pyelogram, and
cystoscopic
examination.
granulocytosis |
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Granulocytosis: an
increase in the
number of blood
granulocytes -
compare
LYMPHOCYTOSIS
MONOCYTOSIS Causes
of reactive
granulocytosis
include: Infection:
Inflammatory ...
marrow
suppression.
What are the major
pathophysiologic
mechanisms for
granulocytosis?
Elevation of the
granulocyte count
may result from a
primary bone marrow
disorder
resulting in
autonomous
proliferation of
cells or it may be a
secondary response
to an underlying
condition. There are
a few, rare
syndromes associated
with granulocytosis
without an
underlying cause. |
stem cells: precursors to red
blood cells and all types of
white cells
2-14-04 repost 1-8-05
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